PCR Protocol | A Step by Step Procedure

The polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, was originally developed by Kary Mullis, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1993. PCR is a laboratory technique that is used …

Limit Test for Arsenic with Apparatus and Reaction

Arsenic is a heavy metal that is very harmful. Besides, as an impurity, it also creates instability in pharmaceutical preparations. However, it is impossible to avoid arsenic impurity from being …

Mass Spectrometry Principle, Types, Instrumentation & Applications

Mass spectrometry is used to determine the mass and molecular structure of a compound. Unlike other spectroscopy techniques, here the electromagnetic radiation is not used for the excitation of electrons. …

NMR Spectroscopy Principle, Instrumentation and Applications

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is one that studies the spin changes at the nuclear level. This spin change occurs when a radio frequency energy is absorbed by the nucleus in …

Limit Test for Iron with Principle and Procedure

Limit test for iron is a semi-quantitative test used to check the iron impurities in an official sample. Principle: This test is based on the reaction of thioglycolic acid with …

Applications of Gas Chromatography | 5 Major Uses

Gas chromatography is one of the widely used analytical tools. The applications of gas chromatography include Qualitative analysis Testing the purity of compounds To trace impurities Quantitative analysis Determination of …

Fluorimetry | Principle, Instrumentation and Applications

Fluorimetry is a type of spectroscopy that measures the emitted radiation from a substance. This radiation is one that is emitted by the substance when the electrons transit from the …

Potentiometric titration | Experimental Method and Applications

Potentiometric titration is a method of chemical analysis. This technique relies on the measurement of electromotive force (EMF) of a solution using a set of indicators and reference electrodes. The …

Types of HPLC | Their Principle and Application

High performance liquid chromatography finds widespread application in analytical chemistry and biology. There are different types of HPLC like 1. Based on modes of chromatography : a) Normal phase mode …

Test for proteins | Chemical Methods of Identification in Labs

Proteins are the essential biomolecules present in the living organisms. They give structural support and rigidity to the organisms. There are many proteins like albumin, globulin, casein, gelatin, peptone etc. …