Mass Spectrometry is an analytical technique used to determine the mass and molecular structure of a compound unlike other spectroscopy techniques, where the electromagnetic radiation is not used for excitation of electrons. Further, there is no phenomenon of electron ground state and electron excited state. The principle of mass spectrometry is based on the ionization […]
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Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is one that studies the spin changes at the nuclear level. This spin change occurs when a radio frequency energy is absorbed by the nucleus in the presence of a magnetic field. Principle of NMR spectroscopy In an atom with an odd mass number, the proton (nucleus) spins on its own […]
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Limit test for iron is a semi-quantitative test used to check the iron impurities in an official sample. Principle: This test is based on the reaction of thioglycolic acid with iron in the given sample. A purple colored ferrous thioglycolate salt is formed. The color intensity is compared with that of a standard substance containing […]
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Limit test for sulphates is based on the principal of precipitation of sulfate ions by barium chloride. It is done to check the extent of sulfate impurities in officially prepared products. Principle: The test depends on the interaction between the sulfate ions with the barium chloride in the presence of hydrochloric acid. BaCl2 + SO42———————> […]
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Limits test for chloride is a semi-quantitative analytical test. It is performed to identify the traces of chloride impurities which are likely to be present in a substance. The quantity of chloride impurity in an official substance is often small. So, the visible reaction response of any test for that substance is very small. The […]
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Lipids are biomolecules and include many substances like fats, oils, waxes, vitamins like A, D, E and K. The importance of lipids can be listed based on the uses and role in life like Storage and Heat generation Hormones Signalling Hardness to hand palm and soles Smoothness to the skin Formation of cell organelles Helps […]
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Bacteria structure is extremely small, microscopic and unicellular. They were discovered by Anton von Leeuwenhoek in the year 1676. Their size varies between 1 to 5 microns in length, but some of them are as big as 80 microns in length. Bacteria cell structure Bacteria is a prokaryotic cell. It is enveloped by three layers […]
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The glass is one of the early discoveries of man. It was made out of molten sand. The uses of glass are indispensable, i.e., there will be no alternatives to it in some cases. Its applications to man include Kitchenware Eyeglasses and lenses Electronic Screens tv Microscopes for magnification Lights and bulbs Storage of specimens, […]
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In humans and other animals, the transport of substances occurs due to circulatory system. In unicellular organisms, the transport within the cell occurs by cytoplasmic movements or by diffusion. But, transportation in plants is quite different. They have no circulatory system yet, the substances have to move to distant places. Water, plant growth regulators, minerals, […]
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Gas chromatography is one of the widely used analytical tools. The applications of gas chromatography include Qualitative analysis Testing the purity of compounds To trace impurities Quantitative analysis Determination of a mixture of drugs Isolation and identification of metabolites Identification of compound mixtures. Qualitative analysis: Here the compounds in a given sample are identified. Qualitative […]
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