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Microbiology

Microbiology is the subject which deals with study of microbes and their effects on the body. It also tells how to handle the microorganisms for human use

25 Differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

Published February 16, 2020 | Updated September 11, 2025 by Dr. Ranga Reddy N, Ph.D.

Bacteria are broadly classified as gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria based on the Gram stain. But both types are Prokaryotic cells and similar in many aspects. …

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15 Differences between antigen and antibody

Published January 5, 2020 | Updated October 28, 2024 by Dr. Ranga Reddy N, Ph.D.
Differences between antigen and antibody

An antigen is an agent located on the foreign cells, which the immune system recognizes. It is an immunogenic portion present on …

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Production of Monoclonal Antibodies | 5 Steps and Applications

Published November 16, 2019 | Updated March 22, 2026 by Dr. Ranga Reddy N, Ph.D.
Production of Monoclonal Antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies are those antibodies that target a specific (single-source) antigens. Due to this specificity, these antibodies are used in clinical therapy …

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Bacteria vs Virus |15 Points on their Differences

Published October 22, 2019 | Updated April 15, 2025 by Dr. Ranga Reddy N, Ph.D.
Bacteria vs Virus

The bacteria and virus are different set of pathogens or living entities. Both of them are microscopic but virus is 10 to …

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Citrate Utilization Test | Its Principle, Procedure and Applications

Published October 15, 2019 | Updated April 30, 2021 by Dr. Ranga Reddy N, Ph.D.

A citrate utilization test is an identification test for bacteria. It is one of the IMVic series groups of tests where IMViC stands …

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Voges Proskauer Test | Principle, Procedure and Applications

Published October 10, 2019 | Updated July 22, 2023 by Dr. Ranga Reddy N, Ph.D.

VP test is one of the microbiological tests for the identification of bacteria that produce 2,3-Butanediol. In 1898, Voges and Proskauer, a …

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Types of Immune Cells | Their Role in Body Defense

Published September 12, 2018 | Updated November 4, 2025 by Dr. Ranga Reddy N, Ph.D.
Types of Immune Cells

There are five different types of immune cells in our body, like the Of these 5 cells, the lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils …

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Western Blot Protocol | Complete Guide with Tips on Troubleshooting

Published June 17, 2018 | Updated February 16, 2021 by Dr. Ranga Reddy N, Ph.D.

Western blotting is an immunoassay reaction technique that helps to detect protein molecules at nanogram quantities. It is a widely used technique …

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Single Celled Organisms | A List with Examples including Few Parasites

Published June 10, 2018 | Updated January 8, 2026 by Dr. Ranga Reddy N, Ph.D.
Single Celled Parasite-taxoplasma parasite

An organism is one that lives an independent life. Single-cell organisms are pretty interesting in that they perform all their activities with …

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10 Examples of Innate Immunity | Their Composition and Action

Published April 29, 2018 | Updated June 8, 2025 by Dr. Ranga Reddy N, Ph.D.
Innate immunity examples

Innate immunity is a part of the immune system that exists from an individual’s birth. The examples include Innate immunity is also …

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