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Microbiology

Microbiology is the subject which deals with study of microbes and their effects on the body. It also tells how to handle the microorganisms for human use

25 Differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

Published on 02/16/2020 - Updated on 08/17/2024 by Dr. Ranga Reddy, PhD

Bacteria are broadly classified as gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria based on gram stain. But both the groups are Prokaryotic cells similar in many aspects. Check the similarities at the end after the …

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15 Differences between antigen and antibody

Published on 01/05/2020 - Updated on 10/28/2024 by Dr. Ranga Reddy, PhD
Differences between antigen and antibody

An antigen is an agent located on the foreign cells, which the immune system recognizes. It is an immunogenic portion present on the foreign cell or substance. These antigens are also present …

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Production of Monoclonal Antibodies | 5 Steps and Applications

Published on 11/16/2019 - Updated on 04/26/2024 by Dr. Ranga Reddy, PhD
Production of Monoclonal Antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies are those antibodies that target a specific (single-source) antigens. Due to this specificity, these antibodies are used in clinical therapy to treat diseases like cancer. This is called immunotherapy and …

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Bacteria vs Virus |15 Points on their Differences

Published on 10/22/2019 - Updated on 04/15/2025 by Dr. Ranga Reddy, PhD
Bacteria vs Virus

The bacteria and virus are different set of pathogens or living entities. Both of them are microscopic but virus is 10 to 100 times smaller than the bacteria. Infact some viruses act …

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Citrate Utilization Test | Its Principle, Procedure and Applications

Published on 10/15/2019 - Updated on 04/30/2021 by Dr. Ranga Reddy, PhD

A citrate utilization test is an identification test for bacteria. It is one of the IMVic series groups of tests where IMViC stands for Indole, Methyl red, VP, and citrate test. A citrate …

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Voges Proskauer Test | Principle, Procedure and Applications

Published on 10/10/2019 - Updated on 07/22/2023 by Dr. Ranga Reddy, PhD

VP test is one of the microbiological tests for the identification of bacteria that produce 2,3-Butanediol. In 1898, Voges and Proskauer, a German bacteriologist, first noted the production of red color in …

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Types of Immune Cells | Their Role in Body Defense

Published on 09/12/2018 - Updated on 06/08/2025 by Dr. Ranga Reddy, PhD
Types of Immune Cells

There are five different types of immune cells in our body, like the Of these 5 cells, the lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils play a major role in immunity. Details on different types …

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Western Blot Protocol | Complete Guide with Tips on Troubleshooting

Published on 06/17/2018 - Updated on 02/16/2021 by Dr. Ranga Reddy, PhD

Western blotting is an immunoassay reaction technique that helps to detect protein molecules at nanogram quantities. It is a widely used technique in cellular and molecular biology for the detection and identification …

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Single Celled Organisms | A List with Examples including Few Parasites

Published on 06/10/2018 - Updated on 07/15/2025 by Dr. Ranga Reddy, PhD
Single Celled Parasite-taxoplasma parasite

An organism is one that lives an independent life. Single-cell organisms are pretty interesting in that they perform all their activities with a single cell. There are billions of cells in the …

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10 Examples of Innate Immunity | Their Composition and Action

Published on 04/29/2018 - Updated on 06/08/2025 by Dr. Ranga Reddy, PhD
Innate immunity examples

Innate immunity is a part of the immune system that exists from an individual’s birth. The examples include Innate immunity is also called natural immunity, as it is an essential method of …

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