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14 Types of Cells in the Human Body & their Functions

There are different types of cells in the human body which make up the tissues and organs.

A Cell is the basic unit of our life. You can read more about basic types of cells in the living beings.

It decides the type, nature and also the functions of the tissues.

An organ is formed from a group of tissues and tissue is formed from a group of different types of cells

These organs working in a mutually beneficial manner form the organ systems.

If any tissue is damaged, it means the cells and cell structure in the organ are damaged.

These broken ones can decide the fate of entire tissue, i.e., either to recover or die.

So, from the above, it seems cell decides the whole life 🙂

Different Types of cells in the human body (based on tissue formation)

1. Bone cells:

They are the most robust body cell systems and are bound together by calcium and phosphate. As you know, they give strength, support, and framework to the body by enclosing organs in the skeletal system, i.e., bones.

2. Cartilage cells (chondrocytes)– These cells are similar to bone cells, but the surrounding material is just loose and flexible compared to those of bone cells. Hence they are freely bendable. They are present in ear bone (therefore ears are fold-able), in between large bones to help them bend and move freely like in between two ribs, spinal bones, joints, etc.

3. Nerve cells: These cells form the nervous system.

Its features are like they are very long, having many branches at either end. They never multiply or divide in one’s lifetime. Once formed during fetus, they live until the entire life of an individual. They are present all over the body and are sometimes as long as few meters long.

These cells are found in plenty in the brain and the spinal cord. They combine to form the nervous tissue.

4. Epithelial cell:

These cells are very simple cells which form a covering of other cells.

They form covering layers of all the organs and hence are present in skin, scalp, respiratory tract, in the buccal cavity surface, over the surface of the heart, etc. Ex: Skin cells, mucous cells.

They also form the essential structures like the nephrons in the kidney which help infiltration of the blood.

5. Muscle cells: These cells are responsible for movements of our body. They are also called as myocytes and are present in the muscle tissues.

They are rich in proteins like actin and myosin due to which they contract. They are mostly long, large and can provide movements to the body. They are three types as the skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle cells.

  • Skeletal muscles cells are attached to long bones and assist in their movements (by muscle contraction).

They are also called as striated cells as they have bands or striations on them as seen above (white and red bands). These bands are indicative of actin and myosin filaments which help in contraction.

  • Cardiac muscles cells are present only in heart muscle and responsible for heartbeats.

These are also striated but have branches with others.

  • Smooth muscle cells are flexible yet, can contract and relax and are present in stomach, intestine, blood vessel walls (vascular tissue), etc. helping in the movement of food through the gut.

Muscle cells also store glucose due to which they generate energy and heat required by the body.

6  Secretory cell: These cells as the name indicates are secretory in function. They form glands and secrete something important ex; pancreatic cells which secrete insulin, glucagon, salivary gland secrete salivary amylase, sebaceous gland secrete oil on the skin, etc.They are found in all secretory organs.

7. Adipose cells: These are fat cells and are sites where fat is stored. They are mainly seen in the soles, palms, bums, etc. They reduce friction to the body.

8. Blood cells:

These cells include RBC’s, WBC, Thrombocytes, etc. They are always motile and never stay in one place. They have a limited lifespan and they never multiply to form new cells. Instead, new cells are formed from other cells.

Types of cells in human body (based on their function)

Different cells carry out distinct functions in the body like

Conductive cells: Nerve cells, muscle cells come under this category. They have inherent ability to conduct an electric impulse from one region to other distant regions in the body.

Connective cells: Bone cells, blood cells come under this category. They help connect other cells and tissues.

Glandular cells: These cells secretory cells. They form glands like the pancreas, salivary glands, etc. and help in the production of enzymes, hormones, etc.

Storage cells: Adipose cells, some liver cells, etc. act to store materials like fat for later use. This fat is consumed in times of starvation and also in excess cold temperatures.

Supportive cells: These are the cells which are present as support to adjacent cells. Ex: Glial cells in the brain and spinal cord help provide nourishment to the nerve cells and also protect them from shocks and trauma.

The special type of cells: These are specialized cells with some crucial functions. They are

a) Sperms: 

Sperm cell with its parts in detail

These cells, unlike others, have haploid DNA (i.e., have only one set of a chromosome). They are present only in the males after puberty. These cells have a tail which enables them to swim and move in the female uterus. They have an enzyme hyaluronidase which helps them penetrate through uterine tissue and reach into oocytes.

b) Oocytes: Cells are haploid and present in the adult female genital system. They are also haploid like sperms. They start to form after puberty and continue so till the stage of menopause. They accept sperm cells to form a zygote (fertilized egg). This zygote further grows in the uterus to form a baby.

c) Stem cells: These are primary cells or parent cells which can differentiate into any required cell based. These stem cells in human body are given so importance due to their promising role in treatment of disorders in future. Have a glance on stem cell types.

d) Rods & cones: These cells are in eye and have capacity to capture image color and light.

e) Ciliated cells: These cells are present as lining of respiratory tract, esophagus etc. and have pointed threadlike cilia which move in one particular direction to pass material.

f) Blood cells: These are quite interesting cells and they are never attached to one another. Blood cells freely flow in the liquid blood. Some of them are not alive (RBC‘s) while others are alive and have varied shapes like WBC, platelets (spindle shape). Further these WBC’s are of different types. Of them macrophages have ability to eat (gulp) any foreign particle like bacteria in the body. Hence they are body defense cells.

g) Pancreatic cells: These cells have both exocrine and endocrine types. There are a total of 5 types. Check out pancreatic cells for details.

h) Hepatocytes: These cells are present in liver and constitute 80% of its mass. They are involved in synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates, fats (cholesterol) and also breakdown of toxins like drugs and other waste materials. The cells are large and many mitochondria and abundant endoplasmic reticulum to help in their function in liver. Unlike other cells, they can regenerate.

i) Kupffer cells: These cells are located in liver and involved in macrophage action. The destroy the old and worn out red blood cells in the liver.

Besides, there are cells which form covering tissue. These can be of different shapes, will ability to constrict, dilate, secrete and even absorb. Such cells are seen in the lining of the intestine, stomach, lungs, nephrons, etc. The examples include goblet cells, paneth cells, etc.

And guess;  how many cells are in the human body? There are 37 trillion cells in our body by an estimate.

Reference: Book-Essentials of Cell Biology-Albert Bruce.

Also, there is no significant difference in between cells of animals and humans. But there are quite a lot between that of animal and plant cells.

Reader Interactions

Comments

  14. Well done
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  20. i am a biological student and it helps me a lot in my research …great work …
    thanks…..??

  25. @Lisa M! Mostly by skin cells and connective tissue cells of bones, cartilage, eye cornea etc.

  29. I am a new teacher and this way of listing the cells and their functions is extremely helpful. Thank you!!

  39. you guys are actually right it really helps. I’m 12 and want to be a doctor so need all these informations to learn. Thank you for who ever wrote this amazing article. 😉 🙂

  42. This was a really helpful website and it helped me a lot on what i needed to learn for when i grow up and become a student at McMaster and i hopefully can use these notes when im studying and one day ill become a surgen

  52. aki thanks much, it has realy helped me in cell cytology take away CAT. i wannah score everything

  62. Sir , there are only 13 types of cells because blood cell is repeated in (alphabet f)

  63. it don’t tells about all 14 types of cell in a human being it only tells us about a 8 cells

  69. oooh!I loved it .I am in std VII. It helped me in my project work. But I couldn’t copy it.

  73. @shyamnathani! RBC is needed to transport the oxygen from lungs to issues for generation of energy. Male body generates androgens (hormones) which triggers excess RBC formation. This excess RBC is required as male has more muscle mass and energy requirement than a female. Hence you can also notice that male hemoglobin level is 13-18 gm/dl while female HB level is 12-17 gm/dl. So in males not only RBC count but also HB level is high to meet the energy demands. And of-course male muscle mass is again due to andorgens.

  74. I want to know y males have RBCs more than female..???

    And again this site is very useful for me and all….:) 🙂

  77. this is very helpful, thank you very much but What types of cells protect us from infection and help repair cell damage?

  78. thx alot 2 who ever took their time to do this article now it may help me pass the 6th grade and not get held back

  82. this is going to help me a lot now I will ace my project because I just used all of your information thanks again

  88. Extremely informative and helpful. I was required to create a project on cell size and function and this article helped me with almost every necessary requirement on the rubric. Thankyou!

  103. @apil joy! Please check it again. Remaining 6 types of cells are mentioned in alphabets a-f..

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  141. Hi my name is ashleigh i am yr 7 last term i learnt about cells
    Just to clarify that you now you left out a few
    Like egg cell
    But by that it has helped with homework 😀 thanks ♡

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