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Production of Monoclonal Antibodies | 5 Steps and Applications
A recent development in cell biology has allowed the fusion of different cells to form a “hybrid’ cell, which expresses the properties of both parental cell lines. The fusing agent can be a defective virus (Sendai virus that characteristically causes cell fusion) or various chemicals (such as polythene glycol. And this gives rise to cells […]
Read MoreCnidaria Characteristics | Points based on Anatomy and Physiology
Cnidaria is a class of animals which are found in marine and aquatic environments. They come under coelenterate phylum. Cnidaria Characteristics The cnidarians are defined as the “diploblastic metazoa with tissue grade organization. They are referred to as the simplest metazoan. The body wall is made up of two layers viz, ectoderm, and endoderm. Hence, […]
Read MoreGymnosperms vs Angiosperms | 20 Clear Differences in Points
Gymnosperms are considered as primitive plants while the angiosperms are advanced. There are few characteristic differences between them. Gymnosperms vs Angiosperms Sl.No Charecter Gymnosperms Angiosperms 1 Basic feature These are non-flowering plants which produce seeds These are flowering plants which produce seeds. 2 Seed feature The seeds are naked and found in scales, leaves, or […]
Read MoreAnatomy of the Root of both Dicot and Monocot Plants
The roots are a very important organ in plants. They develop from radicle and help in absorption of water and minerals from the soil that are required for the plant life. The roots fix the plant to the ground and provide support to the part of the plant above-ground. In few plants like rhizomes, roots […]
Read MoreRNA Translation | The 3 Step Process of Protein synthesis
The translation is a process by which ribosomes present in the cytoplasm (on endoplasmic reticulum) synthesize the proteins from an mRNA. The RNA Translation occurs by 3 steps like 1.Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination. A protein is a polypeptide that has a sequence of the amino acids coded by the mRNA. There are different types […]
Read MoreDNA Transcription |3 Step Process in mRNA formation
Transcription means a written version of something. So, a DNA transcription means formation of a copy of DNA strand. “The process by which the DNA sequence is read and the complementary RNA molecule is formed is called transcription.” Thus the DNA codes for RNA strand which will then code for the protein. Before transcription can […]
Read MoreNitrogen Electron Configuration | Reactions of Valence Electrons
Nitrogen is present in group 15 of the periodic table. Nitrogen has an atomic number of seven and a mass number of 14.01u. Thus in a neutral atom of nitrogen, there exist seven electrons. Similar to carbon electron configuration, two electrons are located in the inner orbit. The remaining five electrons are distributed in the […]
Read MoreCell Membrane Transport | 6 Types with Examples
Cell membrane is a delicate organ of the cell which regulates movement of substances into and outside the cell. The cell membrane transport occurs in two major ways like 1. Passive transport Passive diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis. 2. Active transport. Sodium potassium pump Bulk transport (phagocytosis and pinocytosis) Cell Membrane Transport The structure of cell […]
Read MoreElectrons in Carbon |Their Valency and Configuration.
Carbon belong to the 2nd period of the periodic table. It is located in ‘P’ block. Thus the outermost electrons of the atom are present in the ‘P’ orbital. It can form bonds with itself which is termed as concatenation. Electrons in carbon Carbon is present in group 14 of the periodic table. Carbon has […]
Read MoreLeaf anatomy | Both Internal and External with Labelled Diagram
Leaves are the main photosynthetic organs of the plant. Anatomy of leaf is the detailed study of internal structure of a leaf, usually revealed by its dissection. Leaves are responsible for converting sunlight and carbon dioxide into glucose, which is used to provide energy to the plant. Leaves are classified into mainly two types based […]
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