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Pharmacology

Pharmacology is the study of pharmcokinetics and pharmacodynamics. These explain aspects like how the body handles the drugs and how the drug works in the body.

Branches of Pharmacology with 15 Subdivisions

Published October 19, 2021 | Updated May 5, 2026 by Dr. Ranga Reddy N, Ph.D.
branches of pharmacology

Pharmacology is a branch of medical science that deals with a drug’s action and its fate in the body. It has two …

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What is the Difference between Dopamine and Serotonin

Published July 22, 2021 | Updated July 13, 2026 by Dr. Ranga Reddy N, Ph.D.
dopamine vs serotonin differences

Dopamine and serotonin are both neurotransmitters in the nervous system. They play an important role in the behavior and body physiology. But …

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Pharmacology vs Toxicology | 10 Basic Differences

Published March 22, 2021 | Updated September 8, 2026 by Dr. Ranga Reddy N, Ph.D.
Pharmacology vs Toxicology

Pharmacology is a science that studies the effect of a drug and the body’s response to it. It is aimed at bringing …

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Cell Signaling | 5 Types with Suitable Examples

Published October 9, 2019 | Updated October 4, 2026 by Dr. Ranga Reddy N, Ph.D.
cell signalling

Cell signaling is a method of communication of one cell with other cells. This is done by following methods like Cells need …

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JAK-STAT Signaling | The Cell Pathway in Physiology, Disease and Death

Published September 17, 2018 | Updated November 1, 2025 by Dr. Ranga Reddy N, Ph.D.
Jak STAT pathway signalling

JAk stands for Janus kinase, and STAT for signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT). These pathways are indeed one of the …

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Parenteral Route of Administration: Definition, Types & Clinical Uses

Published April 1, 2017 | Updated September 25, 2026 by Dr. Ranga Reddy N, Ph.D.

The parenteral route of administration is a method by which the drug bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. Here the drug is given from …

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Forms of Drugs| Different Types of Dosage forms with examples.

Published March 20, 2017 | Updated October 17, 2026 by Dr. Ranga Reddy N, Ph.D.
Forms of Drugs

Drugs are given in suitable dosage forms to ensure drug is well absorbed and reaches the site of action. There are many …

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Should Animals be Used for Research? Why and Why Not

Published March 13, 2017 | Updated May 19, 2026 by Dr. Ranga Reddy N, Ph.D.
Should Animals be Used for Research

When animals are used for testing, we inflict severe pain on them. Sometimes it leads to permanent disability and even death. But, …

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5 Types of Muscarinic Receptors | Their Effects, Functions, Agonists and Antagonists

Published March 9, 2017 | Updated March 21, 2026 by Dr. Ranga Reddy N, Ph.D.
Muscarinic-Receptors

Muscarinic receptors are a part of the parasympathetic system. They are stimulated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve endings. …

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2 Types of Nicotinic Receptors | Their Properties and functions

Published January 28, 2017 | Updated December 13, 2022 by Dr. Ranga Reddy N, Ph.D.
types of nicotinic receptors

Nicotinic receptors are of two types as These receptors, along with the muscarinic receptors, are called cholinergic receptors as the neurotransmitter acetylcholinesterase …

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